Piri Reis
Doğum tarihi kesin olarak bilinmiyor. 1465-1470
arası
nda
Gelibolu'da doğdu. Asıl adı Muhiddin Pirî'dir.
Karamanlı
Hacı Ali Mehmed'in oğlu ve ünlü
Osmanlı
denizcisi Kemal
Reis'in yeğenidir. Akdeniz de korsanlık
yapmakta olan
amcasının yanında
yaklaşık 1481'den sonra denize
açı
ldı. 1487'de onunla
birlikte İspanya'daki
Müslümanlar'ın yardımına gitti.
1491-1493
arasında
Sicilya, Sardunya, Korsika adalarına ve güney Fransa
kıyılarına
yapılan akınlara katıldı. Amcasıyla birlikte Osmanlı
Devleti'nin
hizmetine girerek 1499-1502 Osmanlı-Venedik
Savaşı'nda bir
savaş
gemisinde kaptanlık yaptı. 1511'de
amcasının
ölümü üzerine
Gelibolu'ya
çekilerek
Kitab-ı Bahriye (Denizcilik Kitabı)
üzerinde
çalıştı ve
1513'te bir dünya
haritası
çizdi.
1516 Mısır seferinde
Osmanlı
donanmasında kaptan olarak savaştı.
1517'de ilk
çizdiği
haritayı Yavuz Sultan Selim Han’a sundu.
1521'de Kitab-ı
Bahriye'yi tamamladıktan sonra 1522'de
Rodos
seferine katıld?
?.1524'te sadrazam Makbul İbrahim
Paşa'yı Mısı
r'a
götüren gemiye
kılavuzluk etti. Sadrazamın ilgilenmesi
üzerine 1525'te Kitab-ı
Bahriye'yi yeniden
düzenleyerek
onun aracılığıyla Kanuni
Sultan Süleyman
Han’a sundu.
1528'de
çizdiği ikinci haritasını da
padişaha armağan etti.
1528'den
sonra güney denizlerinde
görev yaptı. Portekizlilerin
Aden'i alması üzerine
Süveyş'teki Osmanlı
donanmasına kaptan atanarak 26 Şubat
1548'de Aden'i geri aldı.
1552'de önemli bir Portekiz
üssü olan
Maskat'ı
ve ardından Kişm Adası
'nı alarak
Hürmüz Kalesi'ni
kuşattı.
Portekizliler'in Basra
Körfezi'ni kapatmak istediklerini
duyarak
kuzeye yöneldi.
Katar Yarımadası'na, Bahreyn Adası
'na
egemen olarak
Mısır'a geçti. Donanmayı Basra
Körfezi'nde
bıraktığı için sefer sırasında
kendisinden
yardımını
esirgeyen Basra Valisi Kubâd Paşa'nın
da giriş
imleriyle
suçlu görülerek Kahire'de 1554
yılında
idam edildi.
Büyük bir denizci
olduğu
kadar
büyük bir haritacı olan Pirî Reis,
korsanlık
günlerinden başlayarak gezip gördüğ
ü
yerleri
yabancı kaynaklardan da yararlanarak tarihi ve coğrafi
özellikleriyle birlikte
kitabında anlatmış ve haritalarını
çizmiştir. Kitab-ı
Bahriye'nin nazımla yazılan ve denizcilikle
ilgili
tüm bilgilerin toplandı
ğı başlangıç
bölümünde, genel
açıklamalardan sonra
Ege
ve Akdeniz adaları tanıtılarak denizle ilgili
gözlem ve deneyim
önemi vurgulanır. Fırtına,
rüzgâr
çeş
itleri, pusula ve haritanın tanımından
sonra
dünyayı kaplayan denizler
ve karaların oranı belirtilir.
Portekizliler'in denizcilikteki ilerlemeleri ve keşifleri,
Çin Denizi, Hint
Okyanusu, Akdeniz ve Ege Denizi'ndeki
rüzgârlar, Basra
Körfezi, Atlas Okyanusu ayrıntılı
biçimde
anlatılır.
Düz yazı ile
anlatımın
başladığı haritalı
bölüm asıl metni oluş
turur. Bu
bölümde
Çanakkale Boğazı'ndan
başlayarak Ege Denizi kıyı ve adaları,
Adriyatik Denizi kıyıları, Batı
İtalya, Güney Fransa, Doğu İspanya k?
?yılarıyla
çevresindeki adalara ilişkin tarihi, coğrafi bilgiler verilerek Kuzey
Afrika
kı
yıları, Filistin, Suriye, Kıbrıs ve Anadolu kıyıları izlenerek
Marmaris'te tüm Akdeniz'in havzası noktalanır.
1513'te çizdiği ilk haritasında Kristof
Kolomb'un 1498'de çizdiği Amerika haritasından, Portekiz
ve
Arap
haritalarından yararlandığını belirtir. Elde kalan
parçası
Avrupa ve
Afrika'nın batı kıyılarıyla Atlas
Okyanusunu, Antil Adaları
nı, orta ve
Güney Amerika'yı
gösterir. 1528'de
çizdiği
ikinci haritasından
günümüze kalan
parça,
büyük bir dünya haritasının kuzey
batı
köş
esi olup Atlas Okyanusu'nun kuzeyini, kuzey ve orta
Amerika'nın yeni keş
fedilmiş kıyılarını ve
Grönland'dan Florida'ya uzanan kı
yı şeridini
içerir. Adalar ve kıyılar son keşiflere dayalı olarak daha
doğru
çizilidir. Keşfedilmeyen yerler ise beyaz bırakılarak, bilinmediği
için çizilmediği belirtilir. İlk haritadan daha
büyük
ölçekli ve gelişkin olan ikincisi,
teknik
olarak döneminin en
ileri örneğidir.
ESERİ: Kitab-ı Bahriye, (Yeni
harflerle, Denizcilik Kitabı, 2 kitap, Y.
Senemoğlu (haz),Tercüman 1001 Temel
Eser)
xxxxxxxxxx
English Biography
Piri Reis
Muhiddin Piri was born in
Gelibolu, one
of the important centers of
Turkish navigation between 1465 and 1470. The
exact
date of his birth is not known. His
father was Hadji Mehmet, and his uncle was Kemal
Reis, one of the famous captains of
those times. He started working as a pirate when
he was
11, and then he sailed together
with his uncle Kemal Reis, who entered civil
service and took
part in various sea battles
between 1487 and 1493.
It is because
of his success in the
wars between 1499 and
1502 that he was first mentioned separately in
Turkish navigation
history. At the same
time, he may have seized the map of Colombus in one
of the wars
against Portuguese.
In 1511, he left seas upon his
uncles
death and turned
back to Gelibolu; engaged in map drawing, and then entered into
service of great
Turkish sailor Barbarossa (1476-1546).
During
seizure of
Egypt (1516-1517), he came out much successful with ships
under his command in
occupation of Alexandria, which was an important sea base. Such
success helped his
introduction to Sultan Selim (1517-1520) and his presentation to him
the world map
which he
completed in Gelibolu in 1513.
After
Egypt
expedition, Piri turned
back to Gelibolu and started to work on The Book of Navy.
Some chaos emerged in Egypt at
the same time. It was agreed that Piri should guide
the
navy to be sent to Egypt to take Pargali
Ibrahim Pasha there to put down the
rebellion. A
storm broke out during the campaign and
ships had to take shelter in
Rhodes for a period
of time. Such event provided the opportunity
for Piri to meet
Pasha. Pargali had noticed
that Piri Reis used frequently some notes, which
was the
book he was preparing, during
the campaign and wanted him to turn these notes into
a book. As a matter of fact, Piri
completed this book and presented to Sultan
Suleyman at the
hands of Ibrahim Pasha.
The Naval Book attracted admiration of the
Ruler. It was succeeded
by the second world
map only the first part of which now we
have in hand, called the map of
North America.
Portuguese seized Aden at those
times. Ottoman State commissioned Piri Reis
as Indian
Captain and wanted him to
take Aden back. Piri took Aden back in 1548 and made
invasions at the shores of
Umman Sea.
His successes made
his
enemies angry.
Basra Emir informed Istanbul that he left the navy in Basra. Upon Egypt
Governor
Dukayin-zade Mehmet Pasha's agreeing with his idea, Piri Reis, who was
over
eighty, was executed in Cairo in 1555.
First World Map
of
Piri Reis
As far as we found out from a note on this map
which
shows Southwestern Europe, Northwestern Africa, Southeastern and Middle
America shores
on a parchment with 90/60 size, which was found in Topkapi Palace
in
1929, it was the part
of a big world map he drew in Gelibolu in 1513 and then
presented to
Egyptian Sultan Selim in
1517 (1512-1520).
The map showed
mountains in embossed
design, the rivers were shown with
thick lines, stony places were
black, sandy and shallow
places were shown with red
points, stony places not visible in
the sea with crosses. The map
was embellished with
common plant, animal pictures, and
notes about regions.
This was a map which aimed at
introducing shores and islands without
latitudes and longitudes. There are two compass
roses one in the south and one in the
north
instead of latitudes and longitudes. Lines
dividing each compass roses into 32
sections extend
along the map, with two tables
showing vemin sections. The lines and
scales from wind roses
are useful for measuring the
distance between ports.
In general,
this map was thought to
lack mathematical
foundation. However, investigations showed that in
Piri Reis'
map, there were
five projection centers on Atlantic Ocean. Latitudes and
longitudes can
easily be
drawn on this map. Anyway, he told in his Naval Book that this map
was drawn
very
carefully and that any mistake no matter how small would mislead the users of
such
map and that such map should not be used.
Piri Reis took
advantage of 34 maps. The dates of 20 of those are not certain. 8 of them are maps
called
Caferiye by Muslim geographers. 4 of them are new maps drawn by Portuguese:
1 is
Columbus' map. He says about this issue in his Naval book:
Ol
kitabı
yla ider iyâd
Dahi sonra durmaz
açar ol ili
Hartısı ta kim geldi bize
Varup
Antilyeyi ider aşikâr
Şimdi meşhur eylemiştir ol yolu
İş bu zor kim dedim
cümle size.
One of the notes on the map also reveal
that a Spanish person who was
taken captive by Kemal Reis and who had taken part in
three
of the four travels of
Columbus gave much information about Columbus'
discoveries.
Since Columbus' map is lost, the only
original document we
have is this map of Piri Reis. Piri remained faithful to the map by
Columbus while
drawing
American coasts and repeated it in many points. Antilles and
Cuba Island in
the Map were
shown as a continent in line with the claims of Columbus.
Columbus
believed that Cuba coasts
comprised a continent when he was there in 1494,
and
made Notary Fernand Perez de Luna,
who was in the ship, write that. He also made
the crew sign this document. This document
dated 12 June 1494 stated that each
crew
who agreed and signed that Cuba was a continent
would be fined 10.000
maravides apart
from his tongue's being cut. In addition, Piri
called an island
"Kalera" since Columbus named a cape in Trinidad as
"Kalera". Haiti, which was called Spanish, was shown as Spain
Island
by
Piri. 12 islands to the southeast of Haiti were called Undizi Vergine. He used
Italian, the
native
language of Columbus instead of Spanish Onze word.
In addition,
Columbus showed South America as a group of
islands. Piri, being
inspired with that, drew
many imaginary islands with parrot pictures
on, across Trinidat
island.
He made use of new
Portuguese islands while
drawing South America. Those were
maps drawn by America
Vespuci, Pinson, Juan de
Solis until 1508. Moreover, some of the
place names in
South American coasts are similar
to their names today. The places of primary
rivers in
these regions such as Santa Agostini,
San Megali, San Francisko, Porto Ralli, Totel
Santo, Abroklok, Cab Frio, Kantenio are
shown, but their names were not written. It is
interesting that La Plata river, which did not
attract attention of Pinzon and Juan de
Solis, was
shown on the map. His extending south
of South America toward east
shows Batlamius effect.
As a matter of fact, Naval Book
showed south of South
America as sea, not land.
There are
pictures of ships on
the map. Those were drawn to show the
discoveries of the travelers.
For example, the
note next to the ship picture in the vicinity of
Santianio Island states that
a Genoese
named Nnaton had discovered this island. To the north
of Guinea, there is the
picture
of a big ship picture with a woman and a man lighting fire on fish
three people, a
boat
and three people ahead illustrating Santo Brandan myth. Piri indicates
that he took
these myths not from Portuguese but old Mappa Mundis.
The
map bears historical value because of its being drawn in terms of much
of a
scientific
approach for its times and because it is the only map drawn using
Columbus map of
which
today we have neither the original nor a copy.
Second
World
Map (1528)
15
years after drawing of the first map of Piri
Reis
in 1528, a second World Map was
drawn in Gelibolu again. Today we have a 68/69 cm
undersigned part of it. This part
contains north Atlantic Ocean, the coasts of North and
Middle
America discovered at
those times.
The map starts
with
Greenland in the north.
The first land toward south was called Bakala and the lower
one was
named Terre
neuv, with an indication that those were discovered by Portuguese.
Florida
peninsula,
named St. Batisto by him which is drawn very accurately follows that. It
was added
to
Porto Rico in the previous map. The lands on the side are Honduras and
Yukatan
peninsulas discovered in 1519.
Cuba and Haiti were
drawn very
accurately. Isl di Vana was written on Cuba Island. The mistakes on the
previous map were
corrected.
There are wind roses
divided
into 32 equal sections
instead of longitudes and latitudes in this map too.
According to two
scales divided into 20
parts and the explanations, the distance
between the parts is 50
miles, and between the points
is 10 miles. Tropic of Cancer,
which was not visible in the
previous map was drawn and named
günuzadısı. It was drawn over Cuba
Island. More correctly, it should
have
gone over a little more to the north.
There are some
mistakes on
the map compared to today's
maps. This is because of not taking
into consideration the
position of 10-13 degrees in the
compasses of those days. All
maps of western origin bear the
same mistakes too.
The
coasts of this map are drawn much more
successfully
compared to the previous ones,
some blank places were filled and some were left
blank.
This shows that Piri had a
scientific approach and he followed discoveries on time and
step by step. We can say
that this map is one of the most successful maps with regard to
map
technique drawn
in that century.
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