Osman Bey Gazi
Osmanlı Devleti'nin kurucusu.
Saltanatı: 1299-1326
Babası: Ertuğrul
Gazi -Annesi: Hayme
Hatun
Doğumu: 1258 Vefatı: 1326
Oğ
uzlar?
?n Kayı boyundan, Türkiye
Selçuklularının
uç beyi
Ertuğrul Gâzi'nin
oğlu olup, 1258 senesinde
Söğ
üt'te doğdu.
Küçük
yaştan
îtibâren
İslâm ilimlerini öğrenen
Osman
Gâzi, ayrıca
mükemmel bir askerî tâlim
ve terbiye
gördü. 1277'de Anadolu'nun
İslâmlaştırı
lıp, Türkleşmesi faâliyetlerine
kat?
?lan gönül
sultanlarından ve ahîlerden biri olan
Şeyh
Edebâlî'nin
kızı ile evlendi. Babası Ertuğrul
Gâzi'nin 1281'de vefatı
üzerine bey
seçilip
idâreyi ele aldı.
Osman
Bey, Kayıların ba?
?ına geçince
Söğ
üt'ü kendisine
merkez yaparak
Akçakoca,
Gâzi Abdurrahman, Aykut Alp ve Konur
Alp gibi
beylerle Bizans'a karşı
fetihlere girişti. 1285'te Kulaca Hisarı
fethedildi. 1288'de İnegöl
ve Karacahisar tekfurlarının
kuvvetlerini
Ekizce'de bozguna uğrattı. Bu
savaşta Osman
Gâzi'nin
kardeşi Saru Batu şehit oldu.
Osmanlıların daha
sonra Karacahisar, Taraklı ve
Göynük'ü elde
etmesi üzerine,
bölge
tekfurları ittifak ederek Osman
Gâzi'yi bir
düğün
münasebetiyle
öldürmek
istediler. Dostu, Harmankaya
hâkimi
Köse Mihal'in (ki daha
sonra İslâmiyet'i
kabûl
ederek Mihal Gâzi
adını almıştır.) haber vermesi ile
vaziyeti
öğrenen Osman
Gâzi süratle harekete
geçerek
Bilecik ve
Yarhisar'ı zaptetti. Gelini ele geçirerek
Nilüfer
adını
verip, oğlu Orhan Gâzi ile nikahladı.
1299'da Türkiye Selçuklu sultanlığı
ndaki
iktidar boşluğundan faydalanan Osman Gâzi istiklâlini
îlân etti. 1301'de Yenişehir'i alarak İznik ve
Bursa'nın fethinin yolunu açtı. Bursa, Kite ve Atranos
tekfurları
nın
kuvvetlerini Koyunhisar mevkiinde bozguna uğrattı. Bu zaferden
sonra Kestel,
Kite ve
Ulubat kaleleri Osmanlıların eline geçti.
1308'de İznik'in en mühim ileri
karakolu olan Karahisar
ele
geçirildi. Böylece İznik-İzmit
karayolu Türklerin
hâkimiyetine girmiş oldu. Osman Bey artık
başta Bursa olmak
üzere
İznik ve İzmit'in zabtını ilk hedef
olarak
görüyordu. 1314
yılında başlayan Bursa
kuşatması, on
seneden fazla sürdü.
1324'de
hastalanan Osman Bey,
kumandayı oğlu Orhan'a devretti.
Osman Gazi
sâlih bir müslüman
olup,
İslam ahlâkının iyi
ve güzel vasıflarına sahipti.
Az sayıdaki
aşiret kuvvetleriyle Bizans
ordusunu ve tekfurlarını üst
üste mağ
lup edip zaferler
kazanarak dünyanın en uzun
ömürlü
hânedânını ve en
büyük devletlerinden
birini kurdu. Bir taraftan fetihlere devam
ederken,
diğer taraftan devlet teş
kîlâtının
müesseselerini
mükemmel bir ş
ekilde kurmaya ve
sistemleştirmeye çalıştı.
Ömrü,
Rum
kâfirleri ile savaşmakla ve
İslâmiyet'i yaymakla
geçti. Vefat edeceği zaman, oğlu Orhan
Bey'e
gönderdiği
vasiyetnâmesi, İslâmiyet'e
olan
sevgi ve saygısını ve
Türk milletinin rahat ve huzurunu
dü?
?ündüğ
ünü ve insan
haklarına da
gönülden bağlı
lığını
açıkça
bildirmektedir.
Osman
Gâzi'nin, Oğlu Orhan
Gâzi'ye
Nasihatı
"Oğul! Din iş
lerini her şeyden evvel
ele alıp,
yürütmek gayret ve esasını
daima göz
önünde bulundur ve bu esası sakın gevş
ekliğe uğratma.
Çünkü bir farzın yerine getirilmesini sağ
lamak, din
ve
devletin kuvvetlenmesine sebep olur.
Din gayretine
sahip
olmayan, sefahate düşkün olan, tecrübe
edilmemiş
kimselere devlet işlerini verme! Zira, yaratanından korkmayan bir
kimse, yarattı
kları
ndan da çekinmez.
Zulümden ve
hangisi
olursa olsun bid'atten, yani
İslâmiyet'e aykırı ş
eylerden son
derece uzak dur! Seni
zulüm ve bid'ate teşvik edip
sürükleyenleri,
devletinden uzaklaştır ki, bunlar seni yıkıl?
?şa
sürüklemesinler.
Allahü
teâlânın rızası için, devlet hizmetinde
ömrünü tüketen devlet adamlarını daima
gözet. Böyle kıymetli kimselerin vefatından sonra, aile
efradı
nı
koru, ihtiyacı olanların da ihtiyacını karşıla, tebeandan
hiç
kimsenin
malına mülküne dokunma. Hak
sahiplerine hakkını
ver, layık
olanlara ihsan ve ikramlarda bulun ve ailelerini de
gözet.
Özellikle, devletin
ruhu mesabesinde olan ve en
büyük
dayanağı bulunan asker taifesini
güzelce
idare edip rahatlarını temin
eyle.
Devletin
bedeninde
kuvvet mesabesinde olan hakiki
alimleri ve fazilet sahiplerini, edip ve yazarları
nı,
sanat erbabını gözetip
koru. Onlara hürmet, ihsan ve ikramda
bulun. Bir ülkede, olgun bir
alimin, bir arifin, bir velinin bulunduğunu
duyarsan,
uygun ve layık bir usul ve ifade ile
onu memlekete getirt. Onlara her
türlü imkanı tanıyarak
ülkene yerleştir ki,
hükümetin süresince alim ve
arifler, bilginler
memleketinde
çoğalsın. Din ve devlet işleri nizama oturup
ilerlesin.
Sakın, orduya ve zenginliğe mağrur olma.
Hakiki
alim ve ariflere, bilginlere
hürmet edip, sarayında onlara yer ver.
Benim
halimden ibret al ki, zayıf,
güçsüz bir
karınca misali,
hiç layık olmadı
ğım halde buraya geldim ve
Allahü tealan?
?n nice ihsanlarına ve inayetlerine
kavuştum. Sen de
benim uyduğum ve uygulad?
?ğım nizamı uygula. Muhammed
aleyhisselâmın dinini, bu
yüce dinin mensuplarını ve itaat
eden
diğer tebeanı himaye eyle!
Allahü teâlânın
hakkını
ve kullarının hakkı
nı gözet. Dinimizin tayin ettiği
beytülmaldeki
gelirin ile kanaat eyle!
Devletin zaruri ihtiyaçları
dışında sarfiyatta
bulunmaktan son derece
sakın! Senden sonra geleceklere
de aynı nasihatlerde bulun ve
iyice tembih eyle.
Daima adalet ve insaf
üzerine bulun. Zulme meydan verme.
Herhangi bir işe
başlayacağın
zaman Allahü teâlânın
yardımı
na sığın!
Tebeanı, düşmanların ve zalimlerin saldırı
larından
koru.
Haksız olarak hiç kimseye muamelede bulunma. Daima halk?
?nı
hoşnut edecek şeyleri arayıp, yapılmasını sağla. Onların
gönüllerini kazanmayı, bunun devamını ve artmasını
büyük nimet bil! Tebeanın sana olan güveninin
sarsı
lmamasına son derece dikkat eyle!"
Osman
Bey'in Rüyası
Bizans'ın
hakimiyetindeki batı Anadolu sihat diyarı
olduğundan, bölgede gaza
niyetiyle
pek çok kumandan,
mücahit derviş ve herbiri
gönül sultanı şeyh ve
alim bulunuyordu. Osman Gazi,
Anadolu'nun İslamlaştırılıp,
Türkleşmesi faaliyetine katılan
bu
gönül
sultanlarından ve ahilerden biri olan Karamanlı Şeyh
Edebali'nin
sohbetlerini hiç kaçırmamaya gayret ederdi.
1277
senesinde,
Edebali hazretlerinin dergahında misafir olduğu bir gün
acaip bir
rüya gördü. Rüyasında, hocası
Edebali'nin koynundan bir ayın çıkıp, kendi koynuna
girdiğini,
arkasından da kendi göbeğinden bir çınar
ağacının
bitip,
alemi tuttuğunu, gölgesinde nice dağların bulunup,
nehirlerin aktı
ğını,
bir çok insanların kaynaştığını,
kimisinin
bahçe ve tarla
sulayıp, kimisinin çeşmeler
akıttığını
gördü.
Gördüğü rüyayı
ertesi gün
hocasına
anlattı. Şeyh Edebali O'na;
"Müjde ey
Osman! Hak teala sana
ve senin evladına saltanat
verdi. Bütün
dünya, evladın?
?n himayesinde olacak,
kızım Mal Hatun da sana
eş olacak." deyip
rüyasını tabir
etti. On dokuz yaşında
iken Şeyh Edebali'nin kı
zı Mal Hatun ile evlendi.
Bu izivaçtan
Orhan Gazi doğdu. Orhan Gazi'nin
doğduğu sırada,
Ertuğrul Gazi de
vefat etti (1281). Bazı kaynaklarda
Edebali'nin kızının
adı Bala
Hatun olarak geçmekte ve Mal
Hatun'un Ömer
Bey'in kızı olduğu yazılmaktadır.
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English Biography
OSMAN GHAZI
Osman Ghazi is the founder of Ottoman
Empire. His state
was
called Ottoman (Osmanli), in reference to his name. Establishment of
Ottoman
state
constitutes a series of miracles. A state founded near Sogut, developed
suddenly
and
became a giant empire. Ten sultans acceding the Ottoman throne were
energetic
and
skillful in state governance and were great commanders at the same time. No
nation's history showed conqueror sultans succeeding each other for a period
of
three
centuries. After Osman Ghazi, Orhan Gazi, Murat
Hüdavendigâr, Yı
ldırım Bayezid, Mehmet
Çelebi,
Murat the 2nd, Fatih Mehmet,
Bayezid'ı Veli, Yavuz Selim
and
Süleyman the magnificent ascended the
throne. No other continuous
and long-
living state was established in world history other than
Rome and Ottomans.
The state
established by Osman Ghazi lasted for exactly 624 years
Therefore, Osman Ghazi is a notable and powerful state founder.
Ottoman
history
is full of great events. The works of Ottoman civilization still stand with all their
grandeur.
Osman Ghazi was born in Sogut in 1258. His mother was
Hayme Ana.
His
father was Ertugrul Ghazi, his grandfather was Suleyman Shah. His
real name is Otman.
The word "Ot" meant
"fire" and
"man" meant
"man" in old Turkish. Osman Ghazi
is
from Kayi clan of Bozok
branch of Oghuzes.
Oghuzes were
called Turkmen after
they accepted Islam. All Kayis wore Turkmen clothes. Those were
fair
skinned, brown
haired, hazel eyed people. They were strong in body and high in
morals. Kayis
never
mingled with Mongols or Persians or Arabs or Christian nations in order
to protect their
racial features and spiritual nobility. Turks filling Anatolia kept all of their
moral qualities
and
virtues of being a Turk. Their world domination idea living in their spirit
was never
eliminated.
Therefore, they always conquered continents as raiders, and
dominated on
many nations.
Osman Ghazi was brought up in
Sogut. He
took part in wars
together with his father. He was a brave and stouthearted
youth. He
was of medium height,
had broad shoulders, long arms, round face, hazel eyes,
ram
nose, and circular beard and he
was black beetle-browed. He was both a good
soldier
and interested in literature. We find the
following poem of his in Hayrullah Tarihi.
Kurt olup, gel gir
sürüye
Aslan ol, bakma
geriye
Çar
edüp, haydi çeriye
Dil geçidini hisar yap
Osman Ertuğrul
oğlusun,
Oğuzhan Karahan
neslisin,
Hakkın bir kenter
kulusun
İstanbul'u
aç gülzar yap!
A love story he experienced
in his youth is still known. He used
to
go frequently to the house of a sheik inhabiting in a
village called İtburnu in the
vicinity of
Eskişehir. This person was one of ahi saints. Sheik
Edebali had a very
beautiful
daughter called Balahün. Osman Ghazi fell in love with
this girl.
Although he
wanted her from her father, the Sheik replied that he would not give his
daughter to the
son of an emir. However, Osman was really in love with
Balahün.
One night he had a dream. In his
dream, he was lying down next
to
Sheik Edebali.Then a moon rose from
Edebali's body. After rising, it set and went into
Osman's body. Then a
tree rooted on Osman's belly grew. It grew and turned
green. It covered all
mountains with the shadow of its branches. He saw four rows of
mountains next to the
tree, which were Caucasian, Atlas, Toros and Balkan mountains.
Tigris,
Euphrates,
Nile and Danube rivers originated from the roots of the tree. The waters
from those
mountains were flowing among gardens of rose and cypress. There were ships
sailing
on them
like sea. Farms were full of crops. The hills of mountains were coated with
dense forests.
There were cities in all parts of valleys. All of those cities had a moon
over
their golden domes,
muezzins were calling to prayer from numerous minarets, the
sounds of
which mingled with the
tweets of nightingales and colorful parrots and birds.
The leaves of
the tree began to get
longer like sheaths of swords. Then a wind blew
and turned the
leaves of the tree to Istanbul
The city was shining like a diamond
between two gems and
emerald between two seas and
lands, thus forming the gem of
a ring embodied by a wide
country covering the whole world.
Osman woke up while
wearing that ring.
He went and told his
dream to Sheik
Edebali. Sheik laughed and
said:
Osman, God bless your and
your
generation's sultanate. My
daughter Balahun be your wife. Let's make the
wedding immediately. Osman came
together with his beloved girl thanks to this dream.
But the
first wife of Osman Ghazi is
Malhatun, the daughter of Omer Bey who was a
Turkmen Bey.
Malhatun is the son of
Orhan Ghazi.
When
Ertugrul Ghazi died,
Osman became the
Emir, succceding him. He continued warring
against Byzantium like his
father. However,
Byzantium despots decided to kill Osman.
They attempted to do this with
tricks, not war.
Bilecik Governor was to marry the
daughter of Yarhisar Governor. They
decided to invite
Osman Bey to this wedding and
kill him there. However, Osman Ghazi found
out their
secret decision.
Osman Ghazi used to commend his
goods to
Bilecik Governor
every time he went to a plateau. He had his goods prepared to be
sent to
Bilecik the
same way as usual. However, he put weapons in the goods this time. He
made
about
forty soldiers wear women clothes. He prepared them to send to Bilecik. The next
day,
he went to the wedding together with his son Orhan. In a moment after the wedding
started and people were eating, the soldiers wearing women clothes entered the
castle
and
killed the guards. Some of the soldiers placed themselves in trenches.
When Greek
Governor
acted to kill Osman Ghazi, Osman Ghazi started to run toward
the castle
pretending to escape.
The governor and Greeks followed him. But when
they reached the
trenches, they suddenly
were surrounded by soldiers lying in wait. A
bloody struggle began
between the attacking
soldiers and Greeks. Orhan became
very useful in this war. The
governor died with a severe
wound. The bride, Holofira,
was taken captive with her bridal
veil. Osman Ghazi gave this
beautiful Greek girl to
his son Orhan Bey as the right of his
sword. Former historians write that
the name of
this girl was Nilüfer Hatun,
however, this name belongs to another girl in
fact. Nilufer Hatun is a Turkmen girl, who is
the first wife of Orhan Ghazi. Nilufer Hatun
is the
mother of Suleyman Pasha and Murat
Hudavendigar.
In this
period, Seljukian Sultans were totally
ruled by Mongol Ilhanlis. No
Seljukian domination
remained in Anatolia. The unity of
Anatolia went bad with various
emirates in various regions.
The Mongols were robbing
Anatolian people. In this
condition, Seljukian Sultan Giyasettin
Mesut the 2nd, seeing the
successes of Osman
Ghazi, sent a decree to him. Osman Bey read
aloud this decree
before all ghazis
(1284). And since it was totally approved, he continued
warring against
Byzantium,
and conquered many territories. So, Seljukian Sultan sent him a
banner, flag,
Tabil and
a golden sword as the signs of independence. In addition, he sent a
white
standard
(1289).
After some time, Kayi Beys, seeing that
Seljukian
sultans were only a shadow in Anatolia, held a meeting and spoke as follows to
Osman Ghazi: You are from Kayihan generation. Kayihan is among Oghuz beys.
According
to
Oghuz rules, Khan post is Kayi generation's. You are worth of
being a khan, we
want to
declare your being a khan.
In the meeting,
there were people like
Ahi Evren
founder of Trade-Guild, Hacı Bektaş Veli, the
founder of Bektaşi sect,
Sheik Edebali,
father-in-law of Osman Ghazi. Oghuz Emirs
made him sit on a white felt and
lifted up for nine
times. They took an oath before him.
They
cried out:
God Bless Drink, health,
and sultanate for you! while drinking
koumiss. That day was
a great festival for Turk
history. Osman Ghazi declared
independence being elected as a khan
in 1299.
Hacı Bektaş Veli made Osman Khan
wear a felt quilted turban in Horasan Style,
Ahi Evren made him wear his sword. After that,
band of musicians played music. After
that the
Seljukian decree was read. Osman Khan
read this decree standing in the
evening. Nine flags
were erected in front of his tent.
The
whole ceremony was made
according to Oghuz rules. Thus,
Osman Ghazi became
the founder of Ottoman State. They
found it appropriate to assign
Karacahisar as the
first government center of Ottomans. The first
Sermon was read by
Tursun Fakih.But
money was not printed in his name.
When
Osman Ghazi
declared his independence, he had the following regions under
his
domination:
Karacadağ, Domaniç, Söğüt, Karacahisar,
Eskişehir, Bilecik, İnegöl, Yarhisar, Çakırpınar,
Taraklı
Yenicesi, İnönü, Köprühisar and
Bozöyük. He occupied Yenişehir and Yunthisar in the third year
of
his
sultanate. Then the capital city was transferred to Yenişehir. He divided his
country
into five
administrations. He gave Sultanönü to his son
Orhan Bey,
Eskişehir to
his elder brother Gunduzalp, Inönü to
Aykut Alp,
Yarhisar to Hasan Alp,
Inegöl to Turgut Alp. He left Bilecik to his
other son
Alaeddin Pasha and his father-
in-law.
Then
Osman Ghazi
conquered
Köprühisarı in 1302, Koyunhisarı in
1306. He sent his
son Orhan
Ghazi to invade Bursa. Bursa was invaded in 1326. At
the same time, Osman
Ghazi was in
bed with Podagra disease. He called Orhan
Ghazi, his son to him. There
were Ahi Şemseddin,
Ahi Hasan, Turgut Alp, Saltuk Alp
by his bed. He said before those
people: My first will to my
Sons and friends is as
follows: Continue warring and fighting.
Reach perfect jihad and keep
flag up, always.
He, who among my grandsons, refrains
from the right path and justice, I pray,
he
deprives of the mediation of the Prophet in the
judgement day!
Then he turned to his son Orhan:
My Son; no sultan in the
world
disobeyed death. Now, death drew near with
judgement and will of God. In this
spiritual
journey, I have to give up hope of earthly
blessings. My son, I commend this
state, this emirate
to you. I commend you to Allah. Hold
laws superior in all of your
works. Love soldiers and
people like your relatives, give their
rights completely!
After
having said those words, he wished to
be buried in Bursa
Gumuslu Kumbet. After a short time,
he passed away in his 69 in 1326.
Osman Ghazi ruled for 19
years as an emir and 27 years as a
sultan. There were no precious goods such as gold, and
silver left in his heritage.
There
were a new turban cloth from Denizli Cloth, a horse armor, a
saltcellar, a spoon
holder, a
pair of boots, red-colored flags from Alaşehir textiles, a two
ended sword, a
quiver, a
wooden throne, a sword, a few horses, and three flocks of sheep.
The
heritage of Osman
Khan, who left a great state to Turkish nation as a consequence of his
long lasting wars,
consisted merely of those. Osman Ghazi did not receive salary from
state
treasury as a
sultan, but lived on his sheep. He was unique in self-sacrificing as a
great sultan
of a great
race.
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