Yıldırım
Beyazid
Osmanlı sultanlarının
dördüncüsü.
Saltanat?
?: 1389-1402
Babası:Murad-ı
Hüdavendigar- Annesi:
Gülçiçek
Hatun
Doğumu: 1360 Vefatı:
1403
Sultan Murad-ı
Hüdavendigar'ın oğ
lu olup, 1360
yılında
Gülçiçek Hatun'dan doğ
du.
Küçük yaştan itibaren zamanın seçkin
alimlerinden ilim öğrendi. Değerli kumandanlardan askerlik, sevk ve idare
derslerini
gördü. 1381 yılında devlet idaresinde yetişmesi
için
Kütahya'ya vali tayin edildi. 1389'da
haçlı ordusu ile
yapılan Birinci Kosova savaşına katılarak
büyük kahramanlık
gösterdi. Babası Sultan Murat,
bu
savaş sonunda bir Sırplı tarafından
şehit edilince, devlet ileri
gelenlerinin
müşterek kararı ile Osmanlı tahtına
geçti.
İlk olarak Sırbistan işlerini yoluna koyan
Yıldırım
Bayezid bu sırada kendisine karşı ittifak eden Anadolu
Beylikleri
üzerine
yürüdü. Süratle
hareket ederek
Aydınoğ
ulları, Saruhanoğulları, Germiyenoğulları,
Menteşe ve Hamidoğulları
beyliklerini ortadan kaldırdı (1390).
Karamanoğulları beyliğini itaat altına aldı
(1391). 1391'de
İstanbul'u muhasara etti ve yedi aylık bir kuşatmadan
sonra şehirde bir
Türk mahallesi kurulması, bir cami yapılması ve yı
llık
verginin
artırılması şartıyla anlaşma yaptı. 1392'de
Kastamonu
üzerine yürüyerek, Candaroğlu toprakları
nı ele
geçirdi. 1394'te Selanik ve Yenişehir'i (Mora) alan
Osmanlı
orduları, Teselya ve Arnavutluk'a kadar ilerlediler.
Yı
ldırım Bayezid'in 1395'te
İstanbul'u ikinci defa
muhasarası yeni bir
haçlı ordusunun
hareketine yol açtı.
Bütün
Avrupa milletlerinden
meydana gelen haçlılar,
Osmanlılara ait Niğbolu kalesini
kuşatmışlardı. Adına yaraşır bir
süratle gelen Sultan Bayezid
haçlıları Niğbolu kalesi
önünde ağır bir
bozguna uğ
rattı (25 Eylül 1396). Esir
edilen ve fidye karşılığı
serbest bırakı
ldıktan sonra padişaha karş
ı bir daha savaşmamaya
yemin eden Avrupalı
asilzadeler ve ş
övalyelere Yıldırım Bayezid
Han şöyle
diyordu:
"Ettiğiniz
yeminleri size iade ediyorum. Gidiniz,
yeniden
ordular toplayınız ve bizim
üzerimize geliniz. Bana bir kere daha zafer
kazanmak imkanı
sağlamış olursunuz. Zira ben, Allahü tealanın dinini
yaymak ve
O'nun rızasına kavuşmak için dünyaya
gelmişim."
Niğbolu zaferinden sonra
Osmanlı
akıncıları Macaristan içlerine kadar girerek pek
çok
ganimetlerle döndüler. 1397'de
İstanbul'u
üçüncü defa kuşatan
Bayezid,
Bizans'ın
denizle bağlantısını kesmek için
Anadolu Hisarı
'nı inşa
ettirdi.
Yıldırım Bayezid'in
1398'de Karaman
ve 1399'da
Dulkadirli topraklarına girmesinden sonra
topraklarını kaybeden
Anadolu
beyleri bu sırada Hindistan seferinden
dönen Timur'a
sığı
narak, onu Osmanlı sultanına karşı
kışkırttılar. Bu arada
Timur'dan
kaçan Karakoyunlu ve Cezayir
beyleri de Yıldırım
Bayezid'i
Timur'a karşı tahrik ediyorlardı. Bu
tahrikler ve
Timur'un Osmanlılara ait
Sivas'ı alması neticesinde iki
büyük Türk hakan?
?nı Ankara'da karşı
karşıya getirdi. Çubuk ovasında yapı
lan ve çok
şiddetli
geçen muharebe sonunda Osmanlı ordusu,
mağlubiyete
uğrarken, Yı
ldırım Bayezid de esir düştü (28
Temmuz
1402). Esaret zilletini
çekemeyen Yıldırım Bayezid Han yedi ay
sonra kederinden ve nefes
darlığından kırk dört yaşında vefat
etti
(1403). Timur Han
ölüm haberini alınca: "Yazık
oldu,
büyük bir mücahidi kaybettik."
demekten kendini
alamadı.
Sultan Yıldırım
Bayezid, çevik,
atılgan, cesur, zamanın hadiselerini kavramış iyi
bir kumandandı. Ani olaylar
kar?
?ısında soğukkanlılığını
muhafaza ederek karar verir ve ordusunu
süratle istediği yere sevk ederdi.
Adaleti çok meşhurdu. Alimlerin
sohbetinde bulunur, onların
Allahü tealanın emir ve yasaklarını bildiren
sözlerini
gönülden kabul ederdi. Evliyaya çok
hürmette bulunurdu. Osmanlı topraklarının her tarafında cami,
mescit,
darüşşifa, medrese, imaret ve misafirhaneler yaptırdı.
Ayrıca
bütün bu imarethaneler için geniş
vakıflar kurdurdu.
Bursa'daki Ulucami yaptığı en önemli
eseridir.
Cemaate Gitmeyen...
Yıldırım Bayezid
Han'ın bir mahkemede şahitlik etmesi
gerekiyordu. Padişah mahkemeye geldi
ve
herkes gibi o da ellerini
önünde bağlayarak ayakta bekledi.
Devrin Bursa
kadısı
Molla Şemsüddin Feranî, dik dik Padiş
ah'ı
süzdükten sonra şu hükmü verdi:
"Senin
şahitliğin geçersizdir. Zira, sen namazlarını
cemaatle
kılmıyorsun.
Elinde imkan bulunduğu halde namazlarını cemaatle
kılmayan
biri, yalancı şahitlik
edebilir demektir." Bu yüzden
itham karş?
?sında herkes Yıldı
rım Bayezid'in hiddetlenmesini
bekliyordu. Fakat o
boynunu
büküp mahkemeyi terk etti. Bu
olaydan sonra sarayın
yanıbaşı
na bir cami yaptırdı. Namazlarını
cemaatle kılmaya baş
ladı.
Hakkında
Yazılanlar
1.Yıldır?
?m Bayezid
Hayatı / Mefkuresi /
Mücadelesi
Yavuz
Bahadıroğlu
Yeni Asya
Yayınları / Biyografiler Dizisi
Yıldırım Bayezid,
irade sahibi, kararlı ve azimli bir
padişahtı.
Tereddüde düş
meyen,
soğukkanlılığını koruyan bir
idareciydi. Çok hızlı ve
ismine layık bir devlet adamıydı.
ıldırım Bayezid tahta
çıkar çıkmaz
Haçlı
sürülerini Niğbolu zaferiyle durdurdu. Balkanları
emniyet
altına
aldı. Anadolu birliğini sağlamak için cesur adımlar attı.
Kan
dökmeden birliği kurmaya çalıştı.
"Birlik"
çekirdeği Anadolu topraklarında
mayalandı,
ayrık otları kuruyup
filizlendi.
eygamber
müjdesine ermek
için
İstanbul'u ilk muhasara eden odur.
Üç sefer
kuşattıysa
da, Batıdan Haçlılar,
Doğudan Timur fırsat vermedi.
xxxxxxxx
YILDIRIM BEYAZIT
He is the Ottoman Sultan
who is reputed for bravery and titled Yildirim
(Thunderbolt)
because of his unique
speed in wars. He was born in Bursa in 1360. He
acceded to the
throne in the
battlefield where Kosovo victory was won, because of his
father Murat
Hudavendigar's falling martyr. He besieged Istanbul and constructed
Anatolian
fort. He
lost the war against Timur in the vicinity of Ankara and was taken
captive. He
died of his grief
on 4 March 1403 in Akşehir. His tomb is in Bursa.
He was
called Yildirim because of his unique speed in
battlefields
even when he was a prince. There
was no other sultans in Ottoman
dynasty who rode
horses faster than he did. He grew up with
Murat Hudavendigar, a
great conqueror, and
was very useful in wars he took part together
with him. As a
matter of fact, his great
heroism and superior administrative power commanding
his
units in Kosovo Pitched Battle
played an important role in the victory. His father Murat
Hudavendigar was killed with a
dagger by an injured Serb in the battlefield, and thus
he
became sultan there.
Yildirim Beyazit is the first ruler to
start
brother murdering in Ottoman
dynasty by choking his brother Yakup
Çelebi, who
was loved by people and
soldiers very much and who did not
know his father's death,
to his tent. Some say
he did it because of his
father's will and some that on
encouragement of his
environment.
Yildirim, after consolidating
Turkish dominance
over Balkan
peninsula with Kosovo victory, turned his eyes to Istanbul.
After conquering
Anatolian
side of Black Sea Strait, he established Anatolian Turkish unity. He
constructed
the
first Turkish castle on the strait, that is, the Anatolian fort. Then he besieged
Istanbul.
The siege lasted for eight months. Christian world, seeing that Byzantium was about
to
fall,
stood for another crusade. Crusaders, advancing along Danube with a strong army,
surrounded an important border fortress of Turks, Nigbolu.
Yildirim
Beyazit, being informed that Nigbolu was besieged by a very crowded
enemy army, lifted
Istanbul siege and ran with a great speed to Nigbolu. The Nigbolu
castle was resisting under
command of Dogan Bey. Yildirim Beyazit, who was known
for
his bravery, wore Hungarian
Spahi clothes and passed the enemy lines by himself
and
came before the gate of the castle:
- Bre Dogan, bre
Dogan!... Dogan Bey first thought that this was
an enemy trick, but then knew that
that
was the sultan's voice. When he ran to the
bastion with excitement, he
saw that
unique horse despite the darkness of the night. Yildirim
asked:
- How are
you, bre Dogan?.
- The enemy presses from
land and
river, but the bastions
are strong, and provisions are abundant. And now that our
sultan came, it is not possible
that Nigbolu falls... Yıldırım said:
-
We are
here, resist for one or two
days.
The crusaders
seeing the white
horse and the stranger
with Hungarian spahi clothes, tried to attack
that stranger. But they
could not catch
Yildirim's horse...
On 25 September 1396,
Yildirim
Beyazit started a merciless attack on the very
crowded Crusader army surrounding
Nigbolu. The bloody war did not last for too long.
Yildirim destroyed that great army with his
famous claw plan famous in history.
Fearless Jean, leading
Crusader army said after being taken
captive by Turks that:
- I swear I will
never
hold my weapon against
Turks again. Yildirim, having heard that, called him: I
pardon you for
your oath. Go. Go
get all of the powers of Christendom to save your honor.
Thus give me new
opportunities to raise my grandeur and glory, and released him. A big
storm broke out
in the
East in 1402.
After Tamerlane
eliminated
Altınordu state with
his great army, invaded Iran and entered Arab provinces.
The
only state against Tamerlane
remained was Ottomans. Both were Muslim Turk states.
However, these conqueror Turkish
rulers could not agree. They insulted each other
because of Ahmet Celayir and Kara Yusuf.
The enmity between Yildirim and
Tamerlane
resulted in Anakar War.
The two Turkish
armies started a
bloody war in Çubuk plain on a hot day
of July. First,
Yildirim's spahis
rocked Timur armies. However, when Timur rode
elephants on
them, the course of the war
changed. At that time, Anatolian soldiers took the
part of
Timur due to Anatolian Beys
betrayal. The betrayal panicked Yildirim armies. The sultan,
seeing that bad situation,
withdrew to the hill he established his headquarters and
went on
resisting the enemy.
Timur forces surrounded Yildirim in Çataltepe.
He had only 300
soldiers with
him. Yildirim took an axe when his sword was broken.
He killed everyone drawing
near.
The sun, which rose
with golden lights in the morning was
not
setting behind the purple mountains of
Çubuk Plain. Everywhere was getting
dark. The bodies were lying on the
ground like yellow roses. Yildirim rode his horse toward
northwest of the hill at that time.
However, everywhere was surrounded by enemy soldiers.
Yildirim was tired after
swinging his sword all day in the battle field and exhausted because
of
hunger and
thirst. While he was climbing down from the steep and stony slope near
Mahmudoglu
village, he fell down with his horse because his horse's leg went
between
some
stones. At that time, Timur's soldiers stood. Yildirim, having a bloody
axe, with torn
clothes and dusty face drew a portrait of heroism. He stared at Semerkandi
soldiers
with his
fiery eyes, and cried out:
Do what you are
supposed to do!
Cağatay Khan Mahmudoğlu said:
Come
here... You are the guest of
Timur-u Gürgani.
Yildirim was taken captive, and
Tamerlane drew back to his
tent. After having
heard congratulations of his commanders for his
victory, he started
to play chess with his
son Şahruh. At night, Yildirim, who was taken
captive, was
brought to Timur's tent.
Timur stood, showed him a place and showed
respect.
Yildirim, seeing that Timur smiled
for a while during the conversation, shouted in
anger:
It is bad to make fun
of a man Allah rendered unfortunate.
Tamerlane replied:
I am
laughing because Allah left the world
to a
lamed like me and a blind like you... Then he
asked Yildirim the following question:
What would you do to my soldiers if
you defeated us?
I
would put all to
sword.
But I thought good.
So God gave me the victory.
You thought bad. God
gave you the bad. Therefore, I will not
do anything other than
goodness to you and your
members. Be at ease!
Then he
prepared a dining table for
Yildirim. They all ate yogurt
together in the same table.
Some time later, they found and took
his son Musa Celebi. The
next day Tamerlane
launched further movement toward Anatolia.
The soldiers of Timur
were looting
everywhere. Even one day they attacked boys with Koran
in their hands with
horsemen and killed all. They went into Bursa palace and looted the
treasury
completely.
After some time, when Tamerlane went to
Izmir to invade, he
took Yildirim with him. Upon Izmir victory, Tamerlane arranged a
perfect
feast. He intended
to give a lesson to Yildirim with this feast. How could Yildirim
marry a
Christian girl although
he was a Muslim ruler? Timur could not stand this. He
made Princess
Olivera distribute
wine in this feast. Yildirim, seeing his lover serving to
the drunks, he felt the
greatest pain
of captivity. His whole endurance ended. He
stood up and insulted Tamerlane.
After that, Yildirim
started to wait for being beheaded. But that
was
not the outcome. The next day, he
was sent to Akşehir on Timur's order. But
Yildirim had lost all his desire to live.
He began to suffer spiritually. His country was routed,
his
sons were lost at the
battlefield, and his treasury was looted. How could he live any
more?
He took out the ring he always had on his finger. The
ring gem
hid an effective poison under it. He swallowed it and died. That hero ruler of
Ottomans
committed suicide. Timur, after this bloody disaster, did not remain in Anatolia
and
turned back
to Semerkand. Turkish nation, who had the capacity to establish state,
organized again
immediately and maintained existence of their state. They had a long
period of 624 years of
domination under the name of Ottomans. However,
Tamerlane's state died with
him.
|
27/09/2008 11:13 
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